This file uses the iso-8859-1 (Latin1) character set for Western European characters and accents, and Unicode entity references for all other characters. It is known to work with recent versions of Internet Explorer and Netscape on Windows 98/ME/NT/XP. Support for Unicode character entities is incomplete in IE on MacOS X but all characters will display with Mozilla based browsers such as Netscape 6.x, Mozilla 1.x, and Chimera. Support on MacOS 9 has not been tested.
A history of the coin collection of the Museo Arquelógico Nacional from its beginnings in the early eighteenth century to the present. Highlights of the museum's ancient, medieval, and early modern holdings are described and illustrated in color.
A detailed overview of important numismatic publications between 1996 and 2001.
The author gives an overview of Roman Imperial coinage and history from the introduction of the tetrarchic system to the rise of Constantine I with coins in the Reinhard Heynen collection providing illustrative material. Special attention is paid to the development of iconographical programs on the reverses of the coinage.
A catalogue of circulating and commemorative issues of Euro coins and banknotes produced between 1999 and 2002.
The author describes a new as of Antoninus Pius with Pax reverse and the legends ANTONINVS AVG PI VS PP IMP II and TRPO TXIX COS IIII SC.
The author outlines the rise to power of Septimius Severus and the coins that he issued to honor the legions that supported his bid for control of the Roman Empire. An inventory of the coins is provided as well as an appendix on the disposition of the various legions named on the coins.
A brief overview of Roman coin imitations during the Italian Renaissance and biographical sketches of master imitators like Vettor di Gambello, Alessandro Cesati, Leone Aretino, Gian Frederico Bonzagna and Jacopo Nizolla da Trezzo.
Brief comments on the denarius coinage of M. Aemilius Scaurus and the excavations of his house on the Palatine Hill.
The author discusses the use of the 'tiered' illusrative technique to show depth and perspective on coin types of the Roman Empire.
The author outlines the history of the Ontario Savings Office from its origin as a credit union established to support agriculturalists in 1922 to its sale to Desjardins Credit Union in 2003. Several cheque types are illustrated.
A brief history of the cent denomination in Canada from its adoption by the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland in the 1850s and 1860s to the changes in typology and size in the early twentieth century. Medals produced for the 1927 Diamond Jubilee of Confedaration are also discussed.
The author introduces the Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee medals designed by Frank Bowcher and produced by Spink and Son in 1897.
A brief account of the Islamic coin collection of the Baghdad Museum and efforts made to restore and preserve material in the wake of the second Gulf War.
The author argues that the Virgin, rather than St. Demetrius is depicted on a fourteenth century trachion found in the excavations of Thessaloniki. Text in English with Greek translation by A.P. Tzamali on pp. 111-115
A jetton produced by Hans Weidinger depicting Louis XIV has been identified among artefacts recovered from the wreck of the Dutch ship Zuytdorp which founded off the coast of Western Australia in 1712.
The author laments the destruction of Afghanistan's ancient cultural heritage, including numismatic riches like the Mir Zakah, Kabul, and Qunduz hoards. Text in English with Greek translation by M.J.A. Tzamales on pp. 88-90.
A study of the Australian Armistice peace medal designed by Charles D. Richardson and minted by Stokes and Son in 1919.
The author offers a die study of the lepton copper coinage of the Kapodistrian era of the modern Greek state. English text with Greek translation by A.P. Tzamali on pp. 122-126.
The author suggests that the figure of Triptolemos on Alexandrian drachms actually represents Alexander the Great in his role as city founder.
The author discusses techniques used to detect forgeries of the Canadian 1936 dot cent.
A brief history of the New York "railroad" and subway system and the tokens associated with them up until the abolition of the subway token on April 13, 2003.
The author catalogues and illustrates with line drawings the medieval coinages produced by the Dalmatian and Albanian cities of Bar, Drivast, Hvar, Kotor, Skadar, Split, Svač, Šibenik, Trogir, Ulcinj, and Zadar during autonomous, Serbian, and Venitian periods. Each city is introduced by an historical introduction and extensive concordances allow the cross referencing of the catalogue numbers with earlier references for the civic coinages. Text in Croatian.
An introduction to 'America's Attic', with special coverage of the Australian component in the collection (mostly paper currency).
The author attributes a new bronze 5-drachm depicting a crescent to Augustus.
The authors offer a methodology for determining the authenticity of western gold and silver ingots and analyze six bars.
A bibliography of token related articles by David Thompson that appeared in World Coin News from 1990 to 1995.
The author describes an unpublished electrum trachy of Ioannis III which employs similar types to those of billon trachys from the mint of Magnesia. Text in Greek with English translation by M.J.A. Tzamali on p. 106
The author describes two pieces of scrip issued by the Quebec bakery of Rodolphe Lapointe and provides a brief history of the establishment and its owner.
An overview of the numismatic collection at Colonial Williamsburg, including early American coinage and paper money, as well as European and Central and South American Issues that circulated in the Thirteen Colonies.
The author uses the example of the Bet She'an Hoard of Byzantine gold coins as a springboard to discuss the investment potential of gold.
The author attempts to identify poorly described Vancouver tokens listed in lot 889 in a Fisher sales catalogue. Tokens ascribed to an "Old English Bakery" are thought to be those issued by the known Old England Bakery. A B. Honig token is properly disassociated from the bakery tokens.
A description of the types and politics surrounding the development of the 2003 Missouri state quarter depicting the exploration of the American West by Lewis and Clark in 1804.
The author describes an agate cameo depicting a facing tetrarchic ruler in a quadriga and associates it with the celebration of Licinius I over Maximinus in AD 313. .
An overview of the late eighteenth century tokens of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, collected and catalogued by James Conder. The circulation of Conder tokens in British North America is also discussed.
A discussion of the merits and drawbacks of the Set Registry (TM) program offered by the Professional Coin Grading Service and a similar rare coin registry maintained by the Numismatic Guarantee Corporation.
An overview of the silver "Portcullis" trade coins produced in 1600 to facilitate trade between the British East India Company and the states of South and East Asia, and the tin "Plantation" 1/24-real of 1688, struck for use in the British colonies of North America and the West Indies.
The author discusses the proposed 1/50, 1/100, 1/200 and 1 dollar copper coins proposed for the British colonies of Sierra Leone, Mauritius and Barbados in 1823 and thedifficulties of the currency system of British Canada in 1825.
The author discusses Canadian municipal trade tokens depicting famous medical doctors or institutions.
The author attributes the great influx of Corinthian pegasoi to Sicily and Southern Italy in the 330s BC to the grain trade during a period of famine in mainland Greece. These coins were overstruck by Lokroi, Thourioi and Taras. Text in English with Greek translation by A.P. Tzamalis on pp.65-71.
An historical overview of electrum coinage from the staters found in the archaic Artemision to the experiments with goloid in the 19th century United States.
The author includes the bilingual prutot of Alexander Jannaeus, Greek inscribed Herodian issues and Tyrian silver, as well as the Hebrew inscribed coins of the First Revolt, in a general discussion of literacy in first century AD Palestine.
A brief history of the St. Margaret Pattens church that appears on a Skidmore token.
The author discusses a hand engraved 18th century English token depicting the notorious convicts George Barrington on one side, and David Dignam on the other. Both were confined to the London hulks in 1777, and it is suggested that this is one of the earliest hulk tokens known.
The author discusses the Canadian circulating 50-cent coin of 2002 in the context of the problems of circulation experienced by US half dollars in the late nineteenth century.
The author discusses the difficulties in interpreting the three different series of Thasian imitations struck in the name of the Tracians in the first century BC. Text in French with Greek translation by E. Papaeuthumiou and M.J.A. Tzamales on pp. 88-90.
The author identifies a small bronze coin with the types of female head r./dolphin and a silver fraction with the types of horse's head/dolphin, both in the Alpha Bank collection, to Methone. Text in Greek with English translation by M.J.A. Tzamali on pp.78-81.
Biographies of J.C. Lighthouse, Charles N. Ricard and Charles J. Ricard, recipients of the 2003 Farran Zerbe Award.
A description of the tokens produced by the Department of Highways of Ontario to pay the toll at the James N. Allen Skyway Bridge, Burlington, Ontario until they were discontinued in 1973.
A biography of Tony Bianco, the designer of polar bear reverse used for the Canadian $2 coin issued in 2000.
A description and history of the Governor-General's Annual Literary Award presented to Canadian authors between 1936 and 1959.
The author provides a brief history of the refining of nickel and the Mond Nickel Company founded in 1900 before describing the company's anniversary medal struck in 1925.
The author describes a medal awarded by Bishop Pinkham College, Calgary, Alberta, to C.H.C. Lane "for manliness" in 1914. The medal is associated with a cadet corps established at the college during World War I.
The author provides background to the Charlottetown Confederation Conference of September 1-9, 1864 and discusses the commemorative medals struck on the fiftieth anniversary of this historical meeting.
The author describes the history and provenances of the known tetradrachms of Orophernes, pretender to the throne of Cappadocia c. 160-156 BC. A Greek translation by A.P. Tzamales appears on pp. 13-16.
An account of the Royal Mint's production of circulating coinage with types inspired by images from the film adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy.
The author provides a biography of the English medallist, John Gregory Hancock, Sr., and lists of the medals and tokens attributed to him. Special attention is paid to tokens and medals struck for the United States of America.
A history of the 1780 Maria Theresa taler produced for Levantine trade, from its first striking in the mints of the Habsburg Empire to the 20th century restrikes in Austria, Italy, France, and England.
The author discusses the process of condemning the memory of Roman emperors in the context of the conflict between Caracalla and Geta. Special attention is paid to the bronze issues of Stratonicea with the image of Geta erased.
The author reports on five staters of Akanthos and one of Dikaia/Eretria overstruck with the types of Terone, a stater of Mende and two of Akanthos overstruck with the types of Sermyle, two staters of Akanthos overstruck with the types of Skione, and a stater of Akanthos overstruck with the types of Mende. Text in Greek and English. Includes an extensive bibliography.
The author reports on 28 Greek and Roman Provincial coins acquired by the Alpha Bank, Athens. Especially notable are a rare bronze of Alexander II of Macedon, a group of silver fractions from the Argolis, a drachm of the Indo-Greek king Telephos, and a group of Roman Provincial bronzes from various cities in Thrace and Moesia Inferior. Text in Greek with English translation by M.J.A. Tzamali on pp.48-54.
The author describes a medal by Otkar Dusek designed to honor the fallen German and Russian combatants in the battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943). The medal is unique in that it has actually been shot through with a bullet.
The author describes Greek letter countermarks applied in Lemnos to demonetized Ottoman copper coins after 1880. English text with Greek translation by A.P. Tzamalis on pp. 134-140.
The author suggests that a rare hybrid "jewelled cross" tetrateron type of Alexius I may be a contemporary counterfeit. Text in English with Greek translation by M.J.A. Tzamales on pp. 103-104.
The first in a series of articles examining the relationship between numismatics and the public sculpture and architecture of Manhattan. Special attention is paid to the work of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Adolph A. Weinman and Daniel Chester French.
The author argues that worn Roman Imperial bronzes bearing the chiseled numbers XLII and LXXXIII were revalidated for use by Vandal troops under the command of Belisarius during the Italian campaigns of AD 534-536.
The author discusses the difficuties in distinguishing between errors and varieties of Canadian Tire scrip.
An overview of the history and coinages produced by English kings named Henry.
The author provides a history of the Maryland colony in the seventeenth century and the Calvert family whose members ruled it as Lords Baltimore. The 1934 US half dollar commemorating the foundation of Maryland depicts the Calvert coat-of-arms and a portrait of Cecil Calvert.
The author gives a history of the elusive 1913 US Liberty Head 5-cent piece and the owners of five known specimens.
The author discusses the use of "goose-eye" and "chicken-eye" to describe the small diameter wuzhu struck undert the Western Han, Western Jin, or the Chen Dynasty.
The author describes and illustrates printing errors on CTC 8-A, 8-B, 8-E and 9-C Canadian Tire scrip.
The author describes and illustrates printing errors on 10-cent (CTC S27-C) Canadian Tire scrip.
The author discusses a 2003 issue of 50-cent Canadian Tire scrip and the reasons for identifying it as a new addition to the CTC S27 series.
The author describes and discusses 5- 10- and 20-token patterns of the Denver City Assay Office.
Tha author discusses fifteenth century coinages of Sweden and German States bearing single digit arabic numeral dates.
An overview of the Thirty Year's War (1618-1648)and the coinages produced during the course of the conflict.
The author describes and illustrates a fold cut error on a piece of 1999 25-cent Canadian Tire scrip (CTC S17-D1).
The author describes a newly discovered hoard of 3,000-4,000 British Celtic and a few Roman coins and outlines their archaeological importance.
A study of coin finds and hoards from Armenia with inventory and catalogue of issues and finds from the 6th century to the 19th century. This new series of Armenian finds will include three volumes. In this volume are catalogued the coins from the last marzes of Armenia, Yerevan and from Mountainous Karabargh. A general introduction presents the question of the issues of Yerevan mint.
This volume is an inventory of the Byzantine hoards found on the territory of Georgia. Buried from 350 to 1224, nineteen hoards are catalogued and listed. A general survey details the history of Byzantine Georgia and two chapters describe the coin circulation in this part of Transcaucasia. Many hoards of gold coins were found. The Byzantine silver hoards were sometimes mixed with Sasanian coins. During the last part of the period, many bronze coins were hoarded. The volume stops with the first large local bronze issues.
The author catalogues ration coupons issued in Tibet under Chinese authority, particularly during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). Coupons for grain, fodder, cloth, cotton, machine oil and other commodities are listed, with illustrations and explanations of their legends.
Under "Western Literature on Coins Struck in Tibet" 103 titles are listed. Under the headings "Western Literature on Tibetan Paper Money" and "Chinese Language Publications on the Coins Struck in Tibet" 38 and 42 items are listed, respectively. Two Chinese articles on Tibetan paper money and three Tibetan language publications on Tibetan numismatics are listed. Nearly all bibliographical data are accompanied by short summaries.
The introductory section consists of a brief historical survey of Tibet's currency and discusses problems regarding Chinese numismatic literature on Tibet, Tibetan currency units, dates on Tibetan coins and banknotes, as well as some numismatic terms. Tibetan coins and banknotes are illustrated on 18 plates (10 in color). The main section consists of an annotated bibliography of Western Chinese, and Tibetan literature dealing with the coins, banknotes, medals and primitive money of Tibet and bordering areas to the south.
The author presents a catalogue of Nepalese banknotes profusely illustrated in color and classified by denomination. The buildings and animals represented on the notes are explained and the author provides an historical introduction, portraits of the officials who signed the notes, as well as a table of serial number ranges for each issue.
The author gives a an historical survey of the Provincial Bank of Tucumán followed by an illustrated catalogue of the banknotes issued by this institution between 1888 and 1889. The catalogue is based on the collections of the author, the bank and the Central Bank Museum of Buenos Aires.
The author discusses and illustrates two metal transportation tokens, one without legend (issued in 1982), and one with legend issued in 1997 by the bus transport company "Vercelli Hermanos Sociedad Anónima". These tokens were used for transportation in San Nicolás de los Arroyos (Argentina).
The author discusses and illustrates two metal transportation tokens, one without legend (issued in 1982), and one with legend issued in 1997 by the bus transport company "Vercelli Hermanos Sociedad Anónima". These tokens were used for transportation in San Nicolás de los Arroyos (Argentina).
The author discusses Chilean colonial coins of the period 1749-1776 which in his opinion must be considered as well as Argentinian coins, as they circulated in Cuyo and Patagonia, which was Chilean territory at that time, but is now part of Argentina.
The author discusses and illustrates 10 coin-shaped Gaucho buttons that imitate coins from Brazil, Chile, Italy and Argentina.
The author discusses four tokens that were issued between 1982 and 1993 to allow passengers and accompanying persons to gain access to the platforms of the Central Bus Station "El Retiro" of Buenos Aires. The tokens were issued by the firm Baiter S.A. and were withdrawn in 1996.
The author gives a an historical survey of the Provincial Bank of Tucumán followed by an illustrated catalogue of the banknotes issued by this institution between 1888 and 1889. The catalogue is based on the collections of the author, the bank and the Central Bank Museum of Buenos Aires.
After giving background information on the "Cristo de los Andes", a statue erected as a monument to peace on the border of Argentina and Chile in the Andes and inaugurated in March 1904, the author describes and illustrates two Argentinian and two Chilean medals related to the statue, also referred to as "Cristo Redentor".
According to the Treaty of Ancon, concluded between Chile and Peru in 1883, Arica and Tacna were to belong to Chile for ten years; thereafter plebiscites should decide whether the towns should remain with Chile or return to Peru. The author lists and illustrates 7 Chilean and 6 Peruvian medals struck in the first half of the 20th century and related to either Arica or Tacna.
A catalogue with prices in US dollars and black and white illustrations of very poor quality.
A short survey of primitive money (moneda de la tierra) used in pre-colonial Central and South America with special reference to the use of cocoa beans as money.
The author discusses five important decorations awarded during Ecuador's early history. Some of these are only known from documentary evidence. 1. The October Medal was awarded to 10 heroes of the October Revolution (actual specimens are unknown). 2. Medal of the Battle of Cone (August 1821; specimens are unknown). 3. Medal of the Battle of Pichincha (24 May 1822; several variants of this medal are known). 4. Medal of the Battle of Tarqui (27 February 1829; one specimen was owned by President Eloy Alfaro and may still belong to one of his descendants. 5. Medal of the "Cruz del Paso del Salado" (1859; this medal was manufactured in France).
A catalogue of the paper money of the Falkland Islands including the "values" issued by the Argentinian governor Luis Vernet (1828-1833) and the British issues until the series of 1983-1990.
The author discusses medals, tool checks and tokens of the first subway (subterranean) line of Buenos Aires. The tokens are inscribed SBA (Subterráneos de Buenos Aires). Some are inscribed with YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales), a state run oil company that had sold machine oil to the subway company. The latter, being unable to pay the oil company, allowed it to advertise its logo on the subway tokens in lieu of payment.
The author reports on an exhibition held in Chile's "Museo Historico Nacional" in Santiago de Chile in 2001, which had the title "Memory, Art and Myth: The Medal" and presented medals from America, Asia and Europe from the private collections of Chile.
Based on medals wihich are now on permanent display in the reading room of the "Instituto de la Patagonia" in Punta Arenas and on medals from the collection of the "Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral" (University of Magallanes), the Regional Museum "Mayorino Borgatello" of Punta Arenas and other institutional or private collections, the author gives an extensive, partly illustrated, catalogue of all medals and related items known to him from the southernmost Chilean province of Magallanes (now referred to as the 12th Region). He also includes a section on decorations and prize medals. A total of 85 specimens are listed, making this article the standard reference on the subject..
The authors list 219 medals from Uruguay, Argentina, and Italy commemorating the General José G. Artigas, considered to be the father of independant Uruguay. The medals are described and their complete legends are given along with information on the artists and engravers. All medals are from the collection of the authors.
An overview of coins and banknotes circulating in Argentina during the colonial and republican periods written for visitors to the Numismatic Museum of Argentina's Central Bank in Buenos Aires.
A colour catalogue of the monetary collection of the Central Bank of Bolivia. The chapter on medals includes the so-called "monetary medals" which are particular to Bolivia.
The author illustrates and describes die varieties found among Chilean copper-nickel coins of 5 (KM 165), 10 (KM 166), 20 (KM 167.1-4) centavos and 1 peso struck by the Santiago mint between 1920 and 1941.
An historical survey of Latin American money from pre-Spanish times until the end of Spanish rule in the 1820s, including brief discussions of the mints.
The author describes some abnormal examples of cobs of the Potosí mint struck during the reign of Charles III. These coins, which are of the lowest quality among all cobs, were struck on small flans and therefore there is no specimen that shows the complete legends and designs.
A well documented and profusely illustrated article in two parts on the last troubled years of the Quito mint.
A well documented and profusely illustrated article in two parts on the last troubled years of the Quito mint.
The author discusses the tokens and coins that were used on the Galápagos Islands. Tokens were issued by Manuel Julian Cobos, while coins of Ecuador were countermarked with the monogram RA by his son-in-law Rogiero Alvarado Villamar. The article includes an interview given by the son of Rogiero Alvarado Villamar, Rogiero Alvarado Cobos, who confirms that his father introduced coins from mainland Ecuador and had them counterstamped for use on the islands. The author also illustrates a unique token made from a material that looks similar to plastice, issued by the Hacienda "El Carmen" on Santa Cruz island and dated 1894 (from the collection of the Banco de Guayaquil).
A discussion of round cobs, called "royals" in North America and "Redondos" in South America. After revising some opinions on the origin of these special issues, the author argues that the represent special orders by prominent persons in colonial South America who used these coins as gifts during festivals. This theory is based on a report given by the Mexican numismatist Romero de Terreros concerning a comedy performance at the Mexican mint on 16 May 1703, during which the public was given specially minted round coins like those of Segovia in Spain.
A catalog of tokens of Spain from 1800-1996, including game counters, private cardboard emergency issues or chits, political counterstamps, alms or charity tokens, and proclamation pieces. The catalog is arranged alphabetically by cities, towns or counties and include valuations based on actual sales or estimations by the author.
The study of hoards containing issues of the Rhodian state from its foundation in 408 BC until the beginning of the 1st century BC, leads to the following conclusions: 1. The circulation of Rhodian coinage during the above mentioned period was restricted mainly within the borders of the Rhodian state. 2. The systematic control of coin circulation within Rhodian territory was achieved through the gradual decrease and withdrawl of the pre-existing local coinage (or part of it) and its simultaneous replacement by new issues. 3. The "closed" character of the Rhodian economy supported the commercial and political activities of the Rhodians and was an important factor in their prosperity during this period.
The author discusses die varieties of the Argentinian 1 centavo coin, dated 1993 and struck in bronze/aluminum by the South African Mint and the 1 centavo dated 1997, struck in copper/aluminum by the Argentinian Mint.
The author provides a brief historical survey of the Spanish American 8 reales coins from the Mexico, Lima and Potosí mints that reached Fujian (China) via Acapulco and Manila.
The author discusses and illustrates patterns, trial strikes and projects of Chile's Escudo series.
The author illustrates a 17th century four reales coin (tostón) of the Potosí mint that was devalued to 3 3/4 reales by the application of a countermark consisting of a crown and a letter L. After the so-called Potosí mint scandal in the firsat half of the 17th century brought on by the production of coins lacking upt to 30% of the expected silver content, all coins minted at Potosí before 1649 were devalued and had to be countermarked. The illustrated tostón made its way to Costa Rica where in 1846 it was stamped with three further marks, thereby permitting it to circulate in this country. It also received its full value of four reales through a small mark representing the number 4. Examining the silver content of this coin, the author found this value to be correct, hence the devaluation by the Spanish American authorities was not justified and the coin was probably struck after 1649, possibly in 1650 with the proper silver alloy.
The author illustrates and describes five die varieties of the 8 reales with the bust of Fernando VII of the Santiago mint, dated 1814 (F.J.).
According to the law of 31 July 1789, 16 dollar gold coins had to weigh 431.4606 grains. The circulating South American Colonial 8 Escudos gold coins of the period had a weight standard of only 417.65 grains and were adjusted to the US weight standard by making a hole on the obverse of the coin and filling this hole with a piece of gold of 22 carats and weighing about 15 grains and countermarking the added gold with an oval punch bearing the number 16. This operation was most probably done by John Burger of New York. Only five Spanish American gold coins are known with this mark, among which is and 8 Escudos of the Santiago mint dated 1761. The other known coins are an 8 Escudos of the Lima mint (2 specimens), and one each from the Mexico and Popayan mints.
A decree of the Spanish king Philip IV, dated 23rd December 1642, established that silver coins struck in American mints were to have a fineness of 11 Dineros and 4 Granos equal to a fineness of 0.931. Most silver coins struck in the Potosí mint up to 1649 had a much lower silver content owing to the fraud committed by mint officials, silver merchants and other officials at Potosí, called the "Great Scandal of Potosí". The authors study the problems caused to Spain by the fraudulent Potosí coinage, which was shipped to that country in great quantities (many trading partners of Spain refused to accept payments in silver coins from Potosí) and discuss the following measures that were taken to solve this problem: Devaluation of the eight reales coins to six reales and of the four reales to three reales and finally the withdrawal of this coinage and reminting at Spanish mints without charging the usual minting fee (señoreaje).
This is the fourth part of a series of articles dealing with Chile's Republican coinage. The period 1895-1919 is discussed in detail based on archival material from the Santiago mint and government documents. Most of the coins are illustrated and, when known, their mintage figures are given.
Dark Age Greece was the starting point for the major changes in Greek culture seen in the Archaic Age. In this paper, the vast difference between life in Dark Age Greece and in the more advanced cultures of the Near East and Egypt as a focus for understanding how destabilizing those cultures must have been to Greeks coming into contact with them, is laid out. While most studies have focused on merchants as the main point of contact, it is emphasized here rather the Greek mercenaries whom we know fought in Egypt and throughout the Near East in the late Dark and then Archaic Ages. Service as mercenaries not only exposed Greeks to material cultures more sophisticated than their own; that service also served to consolidate ideas of the Hellenic "ethnicity". In addition, contact served to heighten the awareness that the inherited status structures based on birth "back home" could possibly be changed in favor of those who had gained wealth and self-confidence abroad. The author deals especially with the real and symbolic role of coinage in this cultural self-awakening. Whatever the practical advantages of coined money, and whatever the practical relation of the introduction of coinage had to pre-existing monetary systems of western Asia, its symbolic power was to make concrete the centrality of portable wealth in undermining the authority of immobile, land-based wealth. It was a potent symbol, too, of the relativity of power -that money was the actual root of power, no mater what myths existed to validate the continued rule of an adscriptive elite; that as coinage, money was much more visible and obtainable than before; and that as more visible and obtainable, more easily used to destabilize existing elitist intellectual and power structures. In sum, the introduction of coinage is part of the cultural shift influenced by Greek mercenary contact with the civilizations of the Near East and Egypt, and emblematic of the cultural results of Greek experience with those more sophisticated areas.
IGCH 170 was found at Gythion of Laconia in 1938. It consists of 33 silver coin-issues often occuring in Peloponnesian hoards: 1 drachm of Aegina, 32 triobols of Sikyon, 1 tetradrachm of Antiochus I Soter. The drachm issue, with two dots on the reverse incuse, dates to the second half of the 4th century BC. The triobols follow the so-called reduced Aeginetan standard, with an average weight of about 2.6 gr. each; these can be attributed to the very last years of the 4th up to the first decades of the 3rd cent. BC. The tetradrachm of Antiochus I, minted in Seleucia on the Tigris c. 278-274 BC, is important for the chronology of the find. In a total of 23 coin hoards found in the Peloponnese, buried in the period between the middle of the 4th and the 2nd cent. BC four include Seleucid tetradrachms (17 in all) of which 8 were minted in Seleucia on the Tigris. It is probably an emergency hoard connected either with the troubled times of Cleomenes III's war (228-222 BC) or the Social War (220-217 BC). Thus, the period around the year 220 BC is grosso modo suggested as the possible burial date. The Gythion find is another important hoard for the dating of the triobols of Sikyon and also provides further evidence for coin circulation in the Peloponnese during the second part of the 3rd cent. BC.
Plancius' coin portrays on the obverse a female head wearing a causia (the Macedonian hat). This attribute was easily recognized and any average Roman would have recognized its Macedonian connection. The goat on the reverse is a species familiar to Crete. It is often represented on Cretan coins. Cn. Plancius selected types for his coins that illustrate events connected with his military and political career. He first served in Crete under the proconsul Q. Metellus 68?66 BC, then in 62 BC as military tribune in the army of C. Antonius. He was also quaestor under the propraetor L. Appuleius. Before entering his curule aedile office Plancius was accused of electoral corruption, but being defended by Cicero was acquitted. The summation of his own military service on his coin types anticipates the answer to the question that was raised by the prosecution at his trial. "You ask" said Cicero, "what military service has he seen? He was a soldier in Crete…and he was a military tribune in Macedonia".This complementary summation of the two different types can also be moved into the mythological sphere of the onomastic: Karanos for the Deductio-Heros of the Macedonians, which is also the name for the wild goat called Karano by the Cretans.
Dans le présent article, l'auteur a essayé de montrer que la cité de Skapsa est celle qui frappa des monnaies d'argent (tétroboles et tritétartèmoria) au Ve siècle avec la légende Ka- et de monnaies de bronze au IVe siècle portant la légende Skapsai(on). Etant donné que les lettres sk- peuvent alterner avec la lettre k en grec ancien, les cités de Kapsa et de Skapsa, comme celles de Kithas et de Skithai, sont identiques. Les types avec lesquels le monnayage d'argent et de bronze de la cité de Skapsa est frappé, reproduisent ceux des autres cités de la région. La cité de Skapsa peut être localisée en Chalcidique occidentale, au sud de Potidée. Il est certain qu'elle participa à la Ligue Chalcidienne à partir de 357 av. J.-C. Il faut localiser la cité de Kithas dans la région à l'ouest d'Olynthe et au nord de Sinos et de Potidée. Il s'agissait très probablement d'une cité de la Crouside. Le didrachme de Berlin et les tétroboles de poids attique à la tête de lion au droit que Gaebler et Flensted-Jensen ont attribués aux Skithai, ont été frappés par la cité de Scionè.
The author demonstrates the evolution of coins used in Argentina and the popular designations given to the different coin units by presenting a collection of quotes from Gaucho literature.
?he silver coins of Hierapytna (tetradrachms, didrachms and drachms) bearing the head of Tyche on the obverse were minted between 110 and 80 BC and probably reflect the prosperity of the city during this period. This prosperity was the result not only of the Hierapytnian control over the rich territory of Praisos, but also of the increase in wine production in Hierapytna. The last suggestion is based on the finds of sealed Hierapytnian amphorae in Alexandria in Egypt, Kallatis in the Black Sea area and at the Trypitos promontory in the area of Siteia, where exacation has revealed part of an important Hellenistic site. The bee emblem that has been used to seal an amphora, as the official badge of Hierapytna, is also depicted on the reverse of two Hierapytnian bronze coins in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. It is possible that the selection of the bee as a symbol was related to the conquest of Praisos by Hierapytna, since the type is typical for the Praisian coinage. The inscription engraved on the amphora sealing and on the two bronze coins is an abbreviation of the Hierapytnian ethnic: IE. On other seals on Hierapytnian amphoras the ethnic is inscribed in whole (IE(A)R?PYTNI[ON]) and names of officials (SOSOS, PASION) are inscribed too. Something similar is evident on the silver coinage of Hierapytna bearing the head of Tyche, minted from 110 BC onwards. The ethnic does not appear in full on any coin before 110 BC and names of the officials start appearing on coins in the second half of the 2nd century BC. It is probably the period during which Hierapytna starts organising its coinage in order to ease economic and administrative control of her expanded territory. The same control was probably applied during this period on commerce. It is therefore suggested that Hierapytnian amphorae and coins depicting a bee should be dated after 145 BC and rather towards the end of the the 2nd century BC.
Interpreting coin types is often a difficult task and the difficulty becomes even greater when it comes to Cretan coinage. Among the many narrative or non narrative types of Cretan numismatic iconography, for example, the dog that suckles an infant on the silver staters, drachms, tetrobols and tetradrachms of Kydonia is of particular interest, since different interpretations have been offered over the years. Similar is the case of the silver staters of Gortyn of the second half of the 4th and first half of the 3rd centrury BC, where a female figure is depicted seated on the branch of a tree. The problem of interpreting types such as these and many more narrative scenes and figures on the Cretan coins is caused partly because of the proliferation of myth in the late Classical and Hellenistic periods and partly because we lack local sources for Cretan mythology. Surviving sources are based on myths and variations of myth from mainland Greece, often misleading as far as Cretan iconography is concerned. In addition, artistic influences from mainland Greece or the execution of dies by traveling non-Cretan engravers make things even mistier since the individuality of Cretan tradition is "contaminated" with foreign elements, thereby making the proper interpretation of numismatic types virtually imposible.
On account of modernization work in the Lima mint during 1873, the Peruvian government requested the Santiago mint to strike silver coins for Peru. The Santiago mint struck 445, 230 one sol coins from silver provided by Peru. The coins are dated 1873 and bear the assayer marks D L (for Luis Preto and Diego Torres). The author also gives an historical survey of the Santiago mint with three illustrations showing the buildings of the mint. Some of these buildings were used by the Chilean government and president from 1845 onwards.
The "hoard" confiscated by the authorities of Attica in 1993 and consisting of tetradrachms of Philip II (1 piece), Alexander III (3 pieces), Lysimachos (1 piece) and Athens (2 pieces), drachms of Alexander III (37 pieces), Philip III (6 pieces), Lysimachos (2 pieces), Larisa (3 pieces) and Pharsalos (1 piece), hemidrachms of Pharsalos (2 pieces), Opontii Locri (3 pieces) and Sikyon (1 piece), as well as diobols of Larisa (1 piece), if compared to the other "finds" of the period, verifies some observations already made in the past with respect to the coin circulation of the minor peripheral mints in the century that followed the death of Alexander. Once again it proves the local character, not only for most of them but also for other, more important mints. In addition the study of the new "hoard" of assumed Thessalian provenance, verifies the power and the potential of certain, mainly regal, coinages (Athens included) with a panhellenic range of production.
Il tesoretto IGCH 154, rinvenuto a Creta (località Astritsi), consta di emissioni argentee provenienti dalle città cretesi e da Cirene, Corinto e colonie, Argo, Tebe ed Egina. Sono state studiate solo le emissioni non-cretesi che ammontano a cinquantacinque monete d'argento a cui vanno aggiunti altri sei esemplari provenienti da Cirene. Questi ultimi ufficialmente appartengono ad un tesoretto rinvenuto nel 1935 a Hierapytna (IGCH 318), ma molto probabilmente fanno parte del nostro ripostiglio, e sono attualmente conservati insieme ad esso presso il Museo Numismatico di Atene. Unitamente al catalogo numismatico si è fornito un breve commento relativo alle singole emissioni monetali, nel tentativo di contestualizzare le serie e di chiarirne la cronologia assoluta e relativa. Particolare attenzione è stata riservata all monetazione cirenea nel tentativo di motivarne la presenza nell'isola di Creta, alla luce dei rapporti economici e commerciali testimoniatici dalle scarse fonti storiche. Per tali serie si è sostenuta una cronologia "bassa" (300/290-280 a.C.) e si è proposto di identificarne lo standard ponderale con la fase intermedia del peso tolemaico adottato dal 310 a.C., probabilmente in concomitanza con un cambiamento della ratio tra oro e argento. I. "pegasi" provengono sia da Corinto che dalle sue colonie (Anactorion, Amphilochian Argos, Thyrrheion) e presentano simboli e monogrammi differenti, ma cronologicamente appartengono tutti al V periodo Ravel (387-306 a.C.). Delle emissioni argive, scarsamente studiate, si è presentata la classificazione e si è proposta una cronologia molto ampia, dovendo necessariamente appartenere al periodo precedente l'ingresso della città nella Lega Achea.
On account of modernization work in the Lima mint during 1873, the Peruvian government requested the Santiago mint to strike silver coins for Peru. The Santiago mint struck 445, 230 one sol coins from silver provided by Peru. The coins are dated 1873 and bear the assayer marks D L (for Luis Preto and Diego Torres). The author also gives an historical survey of the Santiago mint with three illustrations showing the buildings of the mint. Some of these buildings were used by the Chilean government and president from 1845 onwards.
Following a survey of the medieval coins of Duisburg, the relevant coins in the Duisburg museum are catalogued and illustrated.
The author describes 32 Roman coins discovered during the excavation campaigns of 1990-1996 at Narona-Bare (Vid) in Dalmatia. The only Republican find was a halved as, while the Imperial issues range in date from the second to fifth century. Conclusions are drawn from the fact that the coinage found at Narona-Bare only continues into the fifth century, while finds from Njive-Podstrana end in the fourth century and those from St. Vid stretch into the sixteenth century. The lack of first century finds is notable for all three locations in Narona.
The author describes 2 Roman Republican, 60 Roman Imperial, 1 Byzantine, and 1 medieval Hungarian coin in the collection of the Franciscan monastery in Tomislavgrad. These, in conjunction with other holdings, are used to illustrate coin circulation in the region around Tomislavgrad (Delminium) in the Roman period.
The author provides a general overview of the various problems involving the study of anonymous folles and describes the main features of type and overstriking that distingush each of the 15 identified follis classes.
The author discusses the political difficulties involved in changing the appearence of Thomas Jefferson and his home at Montecello on the US 5-cent piece.
The author discusses the 1927 half dollar issued to commemorate Ira Allen, the founder of Vermont, and his defeat of British forces at the Battle of Bennington in 1777.
The author discusses the medieval coins of the Abbots of Corvey. Although they were granted the right to coin in 833, their coinage is only known from the 11th century onwards. Attention is also paid to the additional mint in Volkmarsen.
The author discusses the development of the bronze and gold coinage produced by the Visigothic rulers of Spain from the late sixth to the early eight century AD. A table listing the known gold coins of the Visigoths which has been appended to the article is especially important for updating the list of mints and rulers known to Miles in 1952.
This work is a comprehensive and descriptive catalogue of medals of the Prussian king Friedrich II. It comprises both official and private medals, all of which are illustrated. Also included are contemporary issues relating to Prussian history. Indices are given for the names of medallists and the legends, which are also translated from Latin into German.
An account of one reporter's visit to the San Francisco Mint in 1928 in an attempt to dispel rumors that began to circulate after the Mint was closed to visitors ten years earlier.
The author recommends insects as a possible theme for coin collecting. As examples of coins and paper currency depicting insects, she cites Hellenistic drachms of Ephesus and twentieth century issues of Norway, Slovenia, Italy, the Netherlands, Bermuda, Jamaica, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Mexico and San Marino, among others.
The author describes an obverse die for a 1921-S Morgan dollar exhibiting 12 gouges, which indicate an unprecedented five occasions on which it was polished and reused.
The author describes the evolution of the designs for the medal honoring Sgt. Leopold Karpeles from his nomination, to preliminary sketches, through the sculptured models by medallist Alex Shagin.
In 1842 a fire destroyed large parts of the city of Hamburg. Medals were issued as a memorial to the disaster and to raise funds for reconstruction. On pp. 119 to 138 the medals are described and illustrated.
Using historical and numismatic evidence the author dates the deniers of Gerard IV and Otto II, counts of Gelre, to the period 1212 to 1271.
Only some remains of an illegally found hoard, buried after 1632, and consisting of small change silver coinage could be traced. The coins include some hitherto unknown schüsselpfennigs of Leiningen.
A Silesian medal relating to the famine and price rise of 1847 is interpreted as having a hidden anti- semitic message.
In order to commemorate the ambitious building of the 161 metre high church tower in Ulm in 1869 and in 1870, double thalers of medallic character were struck, the profit from which was used to help finance the construction. In 1890 some medals were issued on the occasion of the completion of the building project. The authors reveal the details of these medals.
In 1455 under Pope Nicolas V the church is shown on a medal for the first time as navicula, a small vessel with the pope as pilot. Calixtus III, his successor, then used this iconography for his coinage but showing St. Peter as pilot. This representation incessantly appears on coins from pope Sixtus IV. (1471-1484) to Paul III (1534-1549). This design is meant to emphasize the special status and the long survival of the Roman Church.
The author discusses a brabantinus of the archbishop Gerlach of Mainz and proposes Eltvillre as the most probable mint.
The author states that during the siege of Mainz in 1793 the unstruck flans produced for the earlier copper coinage of the archbishop were used..
Acquisitions include a Celtic coin of the Ambiani, coins of the Langobards, Bavaria, Ulm and Augsburg, a small hoard buried after 1624 from Rottenburg, medals by A.Schwarz, L.Hanold, H.Schwarz, G.Kötzler, M.Gebel and J.Deschler as well as work tokens from 1717.
The first volume presents the history of coin striking for the bishops of Hildesheim in detail, including largely unpublished archival evidence. Also included are lists of coin finds of the bishopric of Hildesheim. The second volume is a detailed corpus of the coinage of the bishopric of Hildesheim including some episcopal medals. All types are illustrated.
Thanks to new silver mining, in 1694 the Ilmenau mint (Saxe-Weimar-Henneberg) was opened. To mark this event, coins were struck imitating Roman imperial issues of c. AD 348 depicting a phoenix and bearing the legend "Felix reparatio".
During the plague of 1666, five cities in southwest Germany agreed to issue tokens for the identification of their citizens when crossing certain bridges.
Archival sources reveal details about the striking of Württemberg thalers and double thalers dated 1728 from locally mined silver. Silver of the same provenance was also used for a medal of duke Karl Eugen from 1739.
The author presents two bracteates of Dietrich von Krosigk, bishop of Halberstadt, that imitate the design of bracteates issued by Adelhog and Bernd, bishops of Hildesheim. This discovery offers new insight into the chronology of the Hildesheim bracteates.
A 695-piece hoard of small change buried after 1891 consisted mostly of German decimal coinage introduced after 1871, but also included some older coins such as kreuzers, pfennigs, as well as six coins from Belgium and one from the Netherlands.
Archival sources reveal details about the striking of Württemberg thalers and double thalers dated 1728 from locally mined silver. Silver of the same provenance was also used for a medal of duke Karl Eugen from 1739.
The author surveys Napoleonic medals with special attention to the director of the medal mint, Vivant Denon.
During the 2001 excavations at Tanais (English summary p. 413) several ancient coins (Hellenistic to Roman Provincial) were found (cf. pp. 393, 400, 402-404). Two coins of Ininthimaios and one of Rheskuporis III receive special attention in the report.
The authors have reviewed over 500 sales of half-dimes and dimes for the period. The auction houses included are: Akers, Bowers and Merena, Goldberg, Heritage, Kreuger, McIntire, RARCOA, R.M. Smythe, Stack's, and Superior. The six Apostrophe sales are also included. An estimate of completeness with regard to the Seated series in question is provided, as well as for varieties and rarities, key coins, proofs (subdivided into 3 eras), uncirculated coins and average grade. The 25 "best" sales by completeness of collections offered are presented in tabular form for both half-dimes and dimes.
The author has come upon a 1723 Hibernia halfpence with a reeded edge. Aside from a 1722 penny with a "crudely" reeded edge referenced by Breen and recently sold in Bowers and Merena auction, there do not seem to be other reeded edge pieces produced by Mr. Woods. The author presents the scant information available on the 2 known pieces and would like information on any others that readers may know about.
This in-depth investigation into the identity of the maker of this issue and its date of production will be indispensable to anyone interested in the series. Using a technological time line (i.e. when was the technology extant to produce the coins) Danforth concludes that the coins were almost certainly the work of Peter Blondeau and produced between 1662 and 1675.The second section of the article describes the political situation and other historical and political constraints on the possible production of St. Patrick's coinage. Lord Ormond was the influential politician ushering the production of these coins. Danforth also accounts for the help or acquiescence given by Slingsby at the Tower Mint, and the engineers who helped Blondeau with dies and other operational problems. The author finally concludes that 1667 was the most likely date for the coins.
On pp. 33-34 the author lists Roman (late Republican to early Imperial) Provincial coins depicting ploughs or city-founders ploughing the "sulcus primigenius" with a pair of cattle; cf. also p. 29.
The author reports on counterfeit 1840 and 1846 Seated dollars discovered on the Chinese market. Because these cast counterfeits were of good quality and might possibly deceive, the author describes their characteristics as well as those of Trade Dollars (1874-CC, 1875-CC, 1876-S, 1877-S, 1878-S and 1883-S). Diagnostic characteristics are provided with enlarged photo sections of each coin. The metallurgical composition of the coins is presented in an appendix by Chris Polliod.
The author provides an introduction and commentary (pp. 149-174), as well as a catalogue (pp. 175-280) of a collection of ca. 500 coins from Spain. Most of the coins were struck between the middle of the third century and the early fifth century AD. Indices appear on pp. 280-286, but there are no illustrations of the coins..
An original hoard of approximately 55 bills of credit on the colonies of New Jersey, New York and the Continental Congress literally crashed down on a lucky individual in his Freehold, NJ home. The bills came through the water damaged ceiling during a storm. This hoard was subsequently sold to a dealer and a partial inventory of the hoard (35 of the 55 pieces) is published here. A note at the end of the article indicates that photos of all the inventoried pieces have been made. A tabular listing of the hoard is presented and one representative piece, a NJ 12 shillings, March 25, 1776 is illustrated.