The audience for the ANS collection expanded greatly during the past year with the creation of an electronically accessible catalogue on the World Wide Web. In August 1997 a dump of the database was done, and over a period of a month the search engine and field delimiters were refined to simplify inquiries. All 538,000 coins then on-line were made available—a step toward realizing the late Harry Bass's goal of extending the availability of our collection beyond the walls. A measure of the success of the venture is the frequent mention in internet sources of searches of the ANS collection.
Naturally users have made queries of the curators, frequently drawing attention to anomalies or outright errors, and considerable energy has been devoted to updating records as well as adding new ones. During the past year there have been over 50,000 additions and corrections, and we anticipate regular updates of the website to reflect these improvements.
Growth of the collection itself was relatively small this year, though the departmental reports are not short on interesting acquisitions. We have to thank not only our donors, who sustain the growth of the collection, but the volunteers who are increasingly called upon to assist in various ways. This year, in addition to Sarah Cox, David Jen, and Ted Withington, we have had the assistance of David Feinstein, who has expended considerable energy augmenting and correcting the database of early imperial coins. To all of them we extend our warm thanks.
METCALF
Greek
This year the Greek Department acquired a total of 402 coins through a variety of gifts and purchases. We are grateful to Richard M. Beleson, Harlan J. Berk, Henry C. Chitwood, Charles A. Hersh, Jonathan H. Kagan, Frank L. Kovacs III, Henry Clay Lindgren, Richard G. McAlee, Dmitry Markov, William B. Warden, Dr. Arnold-Peter C. Weiss, and Richard B. Witschonke for their continued generosity and support.
Jonathan Kagan donated an interesting and rare silver coin, weighing 7.73 g (fig. 1, 1998.17.1). It shows on the obverse a standing cow to 1. with the head reverted to look at the calf she is suckling, all within a linear border. The reverse bears an eighteen-petal rosette within an incuse circle. The weight is probably that of an Euboic-Attic didrachm. The attribution of this issue is problematic. The type of the cow suckling her calf is found on several archaic coinages including those of Corcyra and some issues with an incuse square on the reverse usually attributed to Macedonia (Gaebler, AMNG 3, 2 [1935], pl. 26, 12-14). On those coinages the cow is to the right and they often bear pellets and are of very different fabric. F. Imhoof-Blumer, in Mon naies Grecques (Amsterdam 1883), p. 104, 162, separated the two groups. Another issue with the cow and calf bears the letters EN (SNG Ashmolean 2264; Bableon Traite, pl. 40, 13), and B. S. G. Robinson thought they were the beginning of the early name of Amphipolis, Ennea Hodoi (Steph. Byz. 9,12) "the nine ways" but this is a simplistic hypothesis. J. Svoronos, L'hellenisme primitzfde la Macedoine (Paris/Athens 1919), p. 150, thought these coins were minted in the region of Anthemus in Macedonia. The rosette of the reverse, however, is similar to that on the coins of Erythrai in Ionia and the fabric would fit better there. Imhoof-Blumer and Babelon favored an Ionian mint. New specimens have come to light besides those in Berlin, London, and Paris. One was in the Asyut hoard (Asyut 59), another is in the Rosen collection (ACNAC 5 [1983], 160) but the provenance of most of these coins is unknown and the attribution remains uncertain. The coin is a beautiful example of archaic coinage from the end of the sixth or beginning of the fifth century B.C.
Another coin, certainly from Macedonia this time, was acquired by purchase (fig. 2, 1998.4.1). It is a bronze of Olophyxos, a mint hitherto unrepresented in the ANS collection. The obverse bears a female head to r., with long hair rolled up, wearing a stephane and earrings. Under the neck truncation, there is a symbol, possibly a sword (?) or an ear of grain (?) not visible on the other known specimens. It could help identify the head, usually described as nymph. The reverse shows an eagle standing to r., with closed wings, within a linear square and the legend OLOP/YSION starting at the lower 1. corner. Olophyxos must have been a small, rather insignificant town. It lay in the most eastern arm of the Chalkidike, the Acte peninsula south of Akanthos. It is mentioned by Herodotos (7.22) and Strabo (7.331). Olophyxos was a member of the Delian League and paid only a quarter or a third of a talent to Athens according to the tribute lists. Aristophanes derided its weights and measures in the Birds, 1040-41. The coinage must have been very limited. Very few specimens survive—one in London (W Wroth, NC 1903, p. 319, 2), one in Athens (J. Svoronos, JIAN 13 [1911], p. 253, 169), and one was found in the excavations of Olynthos (D. M. Robinson, Olynhtus III [1931], p. 98, 806) and must have been struck before the destruction of the city by Philip II of Macedon in 348 B.C. W. Wroth already pointed out the similarity of the obverse head with that of series B coins of Pydna (P Tselekas, NC 1996, pl. 11). The reverse can be compared with that of some silver fractions and some bronzes of Amyntas III of Macedon (393-370/69 B.C.) with the eagle framed in a linear square (Westermark, KME, pl. 70, 33 and 50). So a date in the first half of the fourth century B.C. seems certain.
Charles A. Hersh donated a group of 93 silver fractions of Asia Minor from his collection. This is the most important gift of small silver denominations since the Abraham A. and Jonathan P. Rosen gifts between 1982 and 1985. The quality of the objects is outstanding. Among them is a trihemiobol of Teos in lonia (fig. 3, 1998.115.79) with a griffin standing to r. on the exergual line, his 1. leg raised and underneath the facing head of a panther or a lioness appears as symbol. The reverse is a quadripartite incuse square. This coin belongs to the second period of the early coinage of Teos with the staters bearing the same symbol. J. M. Balcer (SNR 47, 1968, p. 22 and p. 41, 103, group LIV) dated them between 478 and 449 B.C. but a date in the third quarter of the fifth century B.C. is also possible. An interruption of the coinage in Teos, between 449 and 412 B.C. because of the Athenian Coinage Decree, has been proven very unlikely on the evidence of overstrikes (S. Hurter, "Teos over Tanagra," Florilegium Numismaticum [Stockholm, 19921, pp. 17 1-73). Another example from the Hersh collection is a hemiobol probably from an uncertain mint in Ionia (fig. 4, 1998.115.80) showing a bird standing to r. on the obverse, possibly a quail or a dove, and on the reverse a six-stringed lyre within an incuse square. This coin dates to the second half of the fifth century B.C.
Harlan J. Berk donated a splendid tetradrachm of Antiochos I with the types of Alexander the Great (fig. 5, 1998.137.1) of an unrecorded variety. The style of the Heraldes head of the obverse suggests an eastern mint. The reverse bears the name of Antiochos to r. downwards and a lion's forepart next to Zeus's legs (see ESM 508, Meydancikkale 2993-94). The monogram AP under the throne is known and links this series to an earlier one of Seleucos I, with the forepart of a feeding horse, attributed to Ecbatana (ESM5O3-507). The plains of Media were famous in antiquity as grazing grounds for horses (Her.III 106; Strabo XI 525). The monogram AT in field 1. occurs on tetradrachms of Seleucos I from the same mint, in combination with the anchor (ESM 508), but is unrecorded for Antiochos's tetradrachms. Antiochos I had ruled the eastern territories during his father's reign from 293/92 B.C. and these coins probably were issued in the period between 290 and 281 B.C. and not only in 280-78 B.C. as Newell suggested (N. M. Waggoner, ANSMN 15 [19691, pp. 21-30).
A tetradrachm related to this coinage was acquired by purchase (fig. 6, 1998.77.1). It has the diademed portrait of Antiochos I on the obverse and Apollo seated on the omphalos on the reverse, holding an arrow in his r. hand and a bow in his lowered 1. To the r. downward is BASALEO, to the 1., ANTLOXOY. In exergue is the monogram AY and in field I. BA. The coin is slightly double struck but it is from the same pair of dies as the tetradrachm in Naples, ESM 727A (cf. WSM p. 33, pl. 3, 19) where the monogram in exergue is partly off flan and was read by Newell as A or A. It belongs with a group of coins attributed either to Hecatompylos, modern Khorasan, in northeastern Iran or to Artakoana, modern Herat, in northwestern Afgahnistan, because of their style, their provenance, and the peculiar cup shaped flans of this series, similar to that of the early Parthian coins. Artakoana-Alexandria in Areia seems more likely on historical grounds (K. Ehling, SNR 76 [19971, pp. 29-39). This is only the second known example of this die combination. The monogram in exergue seems identical to that of CSE 1276 with BA retrograde. These coins were probably struck only under Antiochos II(261-246 B.C.) with the portrait of his father as die links show.
Three rare coins of the Scythian kings and one of Mostis, king of Thrace, were acquired by purchase. An example of Akrosander is illustrated (fig. 7, 1998.112.1), showing the heads of the Dioscuri on the obverse, wearing laureate piloi on their heads, and two horse's heads on the reverse, with the legend: AKROS/ ANDROU BASILEOS. Toward the end of the third century B.C. some Scythian tribes succeeded in occupying the western part of the
Black Sea region between Odessos and Olbia and established themselves as kings. They struck coins similar to those of the Greek cities of Odessos, Tyra, Tomis, and Olbia with their name and title in Greek. These coins are very rare and only bronze issues are known. Even the major public collections only have a few examples. The Scythians probably commissioned the Greek mints to strike their coins which were issued at the same time as the autonomous coinages. Both share the same control marks. There are coins in the name of Kanites, Sarias, Akrosander, Charaspes, and Aelis. The chronology of these kings is problematic (M. Alram, NPI, pp. 26-27; E. Stolyarik, forthcoming). Since so little is known of their history, the coins provide an invaluable source of information.
Frank L. Kovacs III, donated five rare Sicilian fractions. Among them is a tetras from Katane, (fig. 8, 1998.113.1) hitherto unrepresented in the ANS collection. It dates to the years between the Athenian expedition to Sicily in 413 B.C. and the years following the Carthaginian invasion and the peace negotiations with Dionysios of Syracuse, 405-402 B.C. It shows a laureate head of Apollo to 1. on the obverse and a cithara surrounded by three pellets as marks of value on the reverse. Mr. Kovacs also donated 14 drachms of the kings of Cappadocia. They are unrepresented varieties with very fine portraits. Illustrated is an example of Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios (96-6 5 B.C.) with the letters KC (fig. 9, 1998.138.1), one of Ariobarzanes III Eusebes (52-42 B.C.) (fig. 10, 1998.138.11) and one of Ariarathes X Eusebes (42-36 B.C.) (fig. 11, 1998.138.12).
Henry C. Chitwood donated an important lot of 61 Roman provincial coins of Thrace, mostly from mints or varieties poorly represented in the ANS collection. Among them is a bronze of Philippopolis in Thrace (fig. 12, 1998.13.57) issued under Septimius Severus. The obverse shows the laureate bust of the emperor r. with cuirass and paludamentum. On the reverse we see Apollo standing facing 1., holding a patera in his r. hand and a lyre in his 1., and behind a tree MATROPHI / AIPPOPOLEON This type was hitherto unrepresented in our collection.
Henry Clay Lindgren offered a selection of 183 coins from his collection (Lindgren III, Ancient Greek Bronze Coins from the Lindgren Collection [1923]). Among the many interesting examples, is a large bronze of Trebonianus Gallus (A.D. 25 1-53) from Kolybrassos in Cilicia Trachia the mountainous, rough part of Cilicia bordering Pamphylia (fig. 13, 1998.18.115). It has a seated Zeus on the reverse and KOLUBR / ACCEON (SNG Levante 341). This god probably had an important sanctuary dedicated to him in this city as he is a frequent coin type, sometimes represented in a temple (F. ImhoofBlumer, Kleinasiatische Munzen, II 459-60).
ARNOLD-BIUCCHI
Roman and Byzantine
The department's holdings increased by 149 coins during 1998, with just over half acquired by purchase. The largest of these purchases consisted of 53 Republican copper coins from the Goodman collection, which has been auctioned in segments by Classical Numismatic Group of Lancaster, PA. Our selection was dictated by gaps in the collection, which are far more extensive than our resources permitted us to fill. The purchase of one of the Goodman coins, a dodrans of C. Cassius (fig. 14, 1998.86.1, Crawford 266/2,) was made possible by a generous donation from Charles A. Hersh. The piece is of special interest as the first of its denomination in the collection. In addition Richard B. Witschonke of Palo Alto generously donated 37 duplicates from his own collection. These 91 Republican objects increase the museum's holdings of Republican struck copper coins by roughly 10 percent.
Two coins donated by Ben L. Damsky were the highlights of the imperial series this year. The first is an aureus of the deified Faustina I with rev. PVELLAE FAVSTINIANAE (fig. 15, 1998.114.1). It is part of a series, in all three metals, that refers to the foundation for young girls established by Antoninus Pius in memory of his dead wife. The elaborate scene on the aureus seems to show the enrollment of young girls, each of whom (with one exception) is held in the arms of a man or a woman. The emperor stands facing a scribe who writes on a document while, behind the scribe, a woman (?) leans forward and points to it. The piece is one of five known and has a distinguished pedigree (Leu 22, 8-9 May 1979, 268 = J. P. Morgan 140 = Sangiorgi, 15 Apr. 1907 [Strozzi], 1915). All the known specimens are from the same die pair, and the obverse die is not shared with any other aureus of Faustina known to the author, but the form of the legend suggests an early posthumous issue, perhaps in the period A.D. 141-45.
The second Damsky donation (fig. 16, 1998.114.2) is an aureus of Septimius Severus showing on the reverse a hexastyle temple surrounded by the legend ROMAE AETERNAE. The coin wanders in a historical vacuum, but its reverse die is shared with an aureus of Caracalla (Vinchon, 30 Nov. 1993, 42 = Christie's, 9 Oct. 1984, 105 = Munzhandlung Basel, 15 Mar. 1938, 684 = Naville 17, 3 Oct. 1934, 1574 = NumCirc38.3-4 [Mar.-Apr. 1925]), 37952b. The aureus of Caracalla is also unique. Six figures stand in front of the temple in various attitudes and, despite the splendid condition of this piece, it is not easy to distinguish human from divine. The figure on the far right appears to hold a cornucopia, and the temple must be that of Roma, whose cult image sits facing the viewer. Further work—and perhaps further coins—will be needed to secure an interpretation.
Our provincial series, already strong, was further enriched by coins donated by Richard G. McAlee. One of these is a rare tetradrachm of Antioch (fig. 17, 1998.14.2) struck during Trajan's twenty-first tribunicia potestas. The type with Traj an's bust above eagle and Heraldes/Melqarth on the reverse was known to Wruck (Die syrische Provinzialpragung von Augustus bis Traian [Stuttgart, 1931], 178) in only a single specimen.
A second piece is a tridrachm (ca. 8.34 g) of Geta struck at Seleucia ad Calycadnum, acquired by purchase (fig. 18, 1998.6.1, CNG 43, 24 Sept. 1997, 1025). A radiate figure on horseback approaches a flaming altar at lower r. Several similar pieces are known—SNGFrance 2 (Levante), 987, has the same dies, SNGFrance 2, 988, and SNGSwitzerland I (Levante), 749 = SNGvonAulock 5833 share an obverse die. The figure is once identified as "personnage masculin (l'empereur?)" and once as a god, and the sale cataloguer calls him the Great God. The view that the figure is divine rather than human may be supported by the recurrrence of the type under emperors from Hadrian to Valerian, but once again the lack of a clear historical context renders the interpretation obscure.
We thank other donors to the collection as well, including John Alello, Richard M. Beleson, Lorenzo Bellesia, T. V. Buttrey, Thomas B. Cederlind, George N. His, John M. Kleeberg, Frank L. Kovacs III, Elizabeth M. Marlowe, Wayne G. Sayles, and Priscilla Schwei.
METCALF
Islamic and Asian
This has been an exciting year for the Islamic department with a major donation, an important auction purchase, and a large number of new or interesting single coins by gift or purchase. A total of 1,313 coins, mostly Islamic, were acquired this year.
We received the remnants of the John J. Slocum collection as a gift from his son Jerry Slocum. Slocum's fine collection of Islamic coins and Crusader material was mostly sold at auction by Sotheby's in 1997 and 1998, but a lot of material was deemed uncommercial by the auctioneers and therefore donated to the ANS. This gift, totaling 1,183 items, includes much that is of interest to us. The largest and richest component, some 421 coins, is Slocum's collection of early Islamic copper coinage, including Arab-Byzantine imperial and standing caliph coppers, Arabic inscriptional coppers of the Umayyads, and Abbasid coppers. The detailed registration of the collection is being carried out by our 1998/9 Hamad Fellow, Roxani Margariti, a graduate student at Princeton. The highlights include two examples of the exceedingly rare two-standing-caliphs issue attributable to Baysan (Scythopolis; see Bates in A Colloquium in Memory of George Carpenter Miles [1904-1975] [ANS, 1976], p. 24). Five examples of this issue have been previously published, of which two are now in the ANS collection—the specimen illustrated by Qedar, INJ 10, pl. 6,19, and the example in the Steinberg auction, 26 Nov. 1976, 1075 (fig. 19, 1998.25.138). All examples come from the same pair of dies. Even rarer is a strange issue without mint name previously known from a single specimen in the Dar al-Kutub, Cairo (Lane-Poole, Khedival, 758; Walker, BMCArabByz, p. 14, Kh.1; Nicol et al., Catalog of...the Egyptian National Library, 15). The obverse combines two standing imperial figures with the shahada "there is no God but God.. ." written around and between the fig-
ures, while the reverse has the "ball on steps" image characteristic of gold solidi between 692 and 697, with the same inscription as the obverse (fig. 20, 1998.25.137). A third coin is a superb example of the extremely scarce standing-caliph coinage of al-Ruha (Edessa), not previously represented in our collection (fig. 21, 1998.25.77).
On December 2, 1997, Stack's conducted an auction of an Islamic collection, mainly from Yemen. It was originally formed by Volker Popp, a German vest-pocket dealer and expert on the coins of Yemen, who sold it to Numismatic Fine Arts, the Los Angeles firm that went spectacularly bankrupt a few years ago. This collection, still intact, came into the possession of one of the creditor banks which insisted that it had to be sold at auction in the U.S. The ANS was an active buyer, acquiring 63 coins, which almost doubles our collection of medieval Yemen. Quite a few of these are excessively rare or previously unknown, including a durham of the Ayyubid ruler al-Nasir Ayyub, struck in Zabid in 598 (fig. 22, 1201/2, 1998.22.20); an excellent example of the dirhams of the same city issued a half-century later, in 645 (1247/8) under the Rasulid sultan al-Mansur 'Umar (fig. 23, 1998.22.25); and another Zabid durham of the next century (dated 753, 13 52/3), representing an interesting series on which an animal, fish, bird, or human figure identified each of the principal mints of the realm (fig. 24, 1998.22.49).
A recent purchase was a rare dinar from the city of Herat, dated 383 (993-94), which may be unpublished and has other features of interest (fig. 25, 1998.11.1). Although it has the name of the Samanid regional ruler Nuh alMansur, it was issued under the practical authority of Nuh's general, Abu 'Ali Muhammad b. Simjur, governor of Khurasan. On this coin, he is identified by the title al-Amir al-Ajall al-Mu'ayyad min al-Sama', meaning "he who is supported from the skies (or from heaven)." The title seems rather pagan since it does not explicitly name God, and contrasts with the simpler titles he used elsewhere. A few years ago a photograph of a die duplicate was sent for identification. It differs in having a large star at the right of the obverse, engraved on the die after this coin was struck. The word at the bottom of the obverse is 'izz, "glory."
A dinar of the little-known mint Wakhsh (this is the word that became "Oxus") in Tukharistan was purchased (fig. 26, 1998.11.2). A number of dinars from this mint, which was previously unknown, have turned up in the past few years, indicating a hoard find. This example has a date beginning with the letter sin, indicating either 616 or 617, which is just at the time the Mongols were overrunning the Khwarizmshah realm, but it still nevertheless names the Khwarizmshah Muhammad as overlord, as well as the local ruler alKhaqan al-Mu'azzam Jalal al-Dunya wa'l-Din... . .shah b. Abi Bakr. This latter figure can be identified only as "Amir of Wakhsh," since, like his father, he is known only from these new coins. Stephen Album in his Checklist, D1754, suggests 'Arabshah as this person's name; although, 'Izzatshah is a better possibility. It is noteworthy that the coin does not name the caliph, which is another feature often observed at the time of the Mongol invasion. Last year we acquired, doubtless from the same hoard, a dinar (fig. 27, 1997.110.1) which can now be identified as an issue of the same town in 618 (1221/2) on the basis of other specimens described by Album in his Checklist, E1754. This coin reflects the situation after the Mongol conquest as it names no ruler, only the caliph (erring in his nomenclature), and the obverse concludes with almulk lillah, "sovereignty is God's," a frequent Muslim response to conquest by non-Muslims.
We acquired by purchase and gift, from William B. Warden, Jr., a small group of coins from the earliest years of the Ayyubid dynasty in Syria, including a dirham of the city of Hamah, dated 572, 1176/7 (fig. 28, 1998.91.1). The coin was struck by order of Saladin, the first Ayyubid. It has been argued, or rather believed, that Saladin, founder of a new dynasty, was the one who reintroduced full weight good alloy silver dirhams in the central Islamic lands after the "silver famine" of the tenth through twelfth centuries, based on a substantial issue of his dated in the following year. Although it has been objected that some dirhams of his nominal overlord, the Zengid al-Salih Isma'il, were earlier in date, a major innovation from the latter is implausible since he was only a little boy under the protection of conservative guardians. Now we have this dirham of Saladin with the same date as the Zengid issue, re-opening the possibility that Saladin initiated this coinage. This material, along with other related issues that have appeared lately, evidently from a hoard, will need further study.
Warden's donations merit special mention among our gifts. As always, he has made a series of small gifts, 8 gifts in all totaling 29 coins, but these are always coins selected to fill gaps in our collection. This year they include an extremely rare fractional dirham naming the Sulaymanid ruler Yahya b. Muhammad, probably struck at Tanas in northern Morocco at the beginning of the tenth century (fig. 29, 1998.126.2), and a silver issue of an Arab rebel against the Normans of Sicily, struck at the castle of Entella about 1222 (fig. 30, 1998.126.3). One of the most handsome of Warden's gifts is from the city Mashhad in northeastern Iran, struck in 1168, 1754/5, when the city was ruled by Ahmad Shah of the Durrani dynasty from Kabul (fig. 31, 1998.20.5). We also received several important donations from Wayne Sayles, editor of The Celator (and co-author with William F. Spengler of the standard work on Atabeg figural coppers), including a very fine example of an Artuqid copper, issued in the city of Mardin in northern Mesopotamia in the year 578/1182 (fig. 32, 1998.69.1).
Other donors, to all of whom we are grateful, were Paul Bosco, Catherine E. Bullowa-Moore, A. S. DeShazo, Carlos Pic6n, Stewart Wertdal, and Erich Wronker. Our steadfast volunteers, David Jen and Kenneth MacKenzie, continued to provide essential help. Mr. Jen in particular has completed the full re-organization of our Chinese cast coinage collection, some 35,000 coins, and of our pre-industrial Japanese coins.
BATES
Medieval
The Medieval Department is greatly pleased to have received from the estate of Society Councillor John J. Slocum 223 pieces of the rarest and most enigmatic of medieval coinage, a gift from his son, John J. Slocum, Jr. We use the term coinage" advisedly, for none of the objects is a whole coin, nor are there any whole examples of the issues in question known; it is harder to think of a coinage rarer than one whose population is less than one example. The issue in question is a series of coin fragments which have letters which, when assembled, appear to spell the names of two twelfth-century Crusader kings of Jerusalem, Baldwin and Amalric, though even the identity of these two rulers is problematic (fig 33, 1998.25.5). This series was first brought to the attention of the numismatic world by Society Curator George Miles in 1967, and the standard attribution of the coins came from another ANS curator, Jeremiah Brady, in 1978 (ANSMN23, 1978, pp. 123ff).
Despite all of this attention, the series remains mysterious not only as to when, why and by whom the coins were made, but why no examples were known before the 1 960s and why an uncut example is yet to be seen. As well as adding a large number of pieces which makes ours the largest collection in the world of these pieces, the Slocum gift gives us two more examples with one side in Latin and the other in Arabic characters; these may hold the key to the questions of attribution and chronology (figs. 34, 1998.25.1, and 35, 1998.25.4). Among these fragments, most of which are almost certainly of eastern Mediterranean origin, is one which is probably from the other end of the Christian and Arabic worlds, from Spain (fig. 36, 1998.25.3). It is a half of a gold coin with both Arabic and Latin legends, neither of which is easily interpreted. The closest parallels to it appear to be coins of Barcelona of the mid-eleventh century, but the Arabic on this fragment is less legible than on them and these Latin letters appear to spell a different name.
Another bilingual coin comes to us as a gift of William F. Spengler, a bronze piece of the twelfth-century Norman king of Sicily William II (fig. 37, 1998.23.8). Though this issue is much better known than those represented by the gold fragments, it is of great importance in representing the coinage which linked the pennies of Latin Europe with the richer monetary tradition of the Islamic world, and we are most pleased to have this second example of the issue in our collection.
Walter J. Zimmerman, a long-time member of the Committee on Medieval Coins, has contributed a collection of 198 denars of fifteenth and sixteenth century Hungary, which comprise a significant addition to our holdings in this area.
The single purchase by the medieval department this year is a gros of Cyprus of Queen Catherine Cornaro of the late fifteenth century (fig. 38, 1998.127.1). This is of importance in being our first example of the coinage of the sole reign of this monarch, one of very few medieval women whose image as well as name appears on a coin. Cornaro, of a prominent Venetian family, married the last of the Lusignan Crusader kings of Cyprus and ruled in her own right following his death. After her own death, possession of the strategic island passed into the hands of the Venetian state, which held it until the Ottoman conquest of 1571. This coin is from the collection of the late professor James R. Stewart, whose research notes and plaster casts were conveyed to the ANS in 1990 as another act of generosity by John J. Slocum.
STAHL
Modern and the Americas
As in past years, donors continue to look for gaps in the Modern department which they can fill. We have donations this fiscal year ftom George Cuhaj, Emmett McDonald, and Daniel Miller, and we also have received a number of donations from current and former ANS staff and volunteers.
Anthony J. Terranova regularly donates to us the productions of the Gallery Mint Museum for our reference collection. This is important because some are already being worn down so that the word "COPY" is illegible and sold as the real thing, see John D. Wright, "A New S-15...or a New Variety??" in Penny-Wise 32, 2 (May 15, 1998), pp. 73-77, which includes photographs of some of the dies (not, apparently, all) of the Liberty Cap Gallery Mint Museum reproductions. But they have not stopped there. GMM copies are used to make electroytpes, see Clifford C. Fellage, "Electrotype Fakes of Gallery Mint Copies" in Penny-Wise 32, 3 (May 15, 1998), pp. 158-60. We have published the pieces as they are donated to us and will continue to do so. This year we illustrate the coinage of 1796 (figs. 39-43), including the half cent (Breen 1519, 1998.140.4), dime (Breen 3140, 1998.140.3), half dollar (Breen 4565, 1998.140.5) quarter eagle without stars (Breen 6113, 1998.140.1) and quarter eagle with stars (Breen 6114, 1998.140.2). This will not, however, be a complete listing of all the dies, because there are many die varieties of the GMM replicas. It is sad that these replicas are used to fool people, although Ron Landis's work has helped to clear up many mysteries about early mint practices.
The author bought and donated to the Society a series of replicas of coins of Brunswick sold at museums and libraries in Lower Saxony. Although they are sold as if made out of tin, they are actually lead. Most of these are marked COPY, but the replica of the multiple thaler of Duke Julius of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel is not (fig. 44, 1998.49.1)
Alfons van Leggello has tried to get his "easy coin" adopted. This is a coin with bevelled edges to make it easier to pick up. He visited the ANS museum this summer and donated an example of his private pattern for an easy coin as well as a Dutch commemorative coin with a cambered center to achieve the same effect (fig. 45, 1998.148.1).
Normand Pepin gave us a storecard which seeks to show the future of money—as bits and bytes. It is a storecard issued by the Digital Equipment Company advertising the "millicent" currency for the Internet (fig. 46, 1998.67.1).
Michael Parris purchased and donated to the Society a set of Edward VIII coins given to the Duke of Windsor from the recent sale of his and the Duchess's property. Although the Duke of Windsor was told that it was complete, it is not. Illustrated is one coin from the set, a ten-cent piece from East Africa (fig. 47, 1998.88.1), and the misleading note which accompanied it (fig. 48).
We also bought an item from the sale of the Jim Noble collection of tokens held in Australia in the summer of 1998. This is one of the enigmatic Irish eighteenth century tokens issued by Francis McMinn from Donaghadee in County Down in 1760, variety Davis 65 (fig. 49, 1998.144.1). This series was partly a local replacement for Wood's Hibernia halfpence, and many are dated in the 1720s and 1730s. Mike Ringo pointed out to us that the punches used to make the die for the McMinn token are the same as those used for the dies of the Voce Populi coins.
Other donors to the Modern, Latin American, and United States cabinets were David T. Alexander, Michael L. Bates, Vladimir Belayev, Paul Bosco, Catherine E. Bullowa-Moore, Sergiy and Alla Buyshikh, L. Mario Byrge, Mike Capen, J. H. Cline, Dr. Jay M. Galst, Ivan Karayatov, the Estate of Allen F. Lovejoy, Sergiy Kryzhytsky, John D. MacIsaac, Leonard Gregory Mazzone, William E. Metcalf, Sergey Ohotnikov, Csaba Papp, Tatiana Samoylova, Mr. and Mrs. Yevgeny Shub, E. S. Stolyarik, D. W Thomas, Mrs. Thomas F. Troxell, Katalin Uzdi, Ute Wartenberg, Constance Wiesman, the Estate of Erich Wronker, and Miron I. Zolotarev; the Banco Central do Brasil, the Chicago Coin Club, the Royal Australian Mint, and Stack's.
KLEEBERG
Medals
A major addition to our holdings of medals issued by the ANS is represented in acquisition by the medals department of the unique gold striking of the Society's medal purchased from the Sotheby's sale of the collection of the Duke of Windsor thanks to the generosity of our late president, Harry W Bass, Jr. (fig. 50, 1998.82.1). E. T. Newell, then President of the Society, presented the medal, by John Flanagan, to Edward, the Prince of Wales, on the royal yacht Britannia in 1919. It remained in his personal collection until his death.
Another medal with historical significance is that given to the Society by Leslie Hill-Levitt Latham from the collection of her grandfather Ebenezer Hill, a member of the Congressional committee which escorted William Howard Taft to the Philippines in 1900 (fig. 51, 1998.128.1). This lead piece in a custom case is lacking from our strong holdings of medals relating to the Philippines, most deriving from the 1967 gift of the Gilbert S. Perez collection, and appears to be unpublished.
Among the contemporary medals acquired this year is an evocative hinged portrait of William Morris by Cecilia Yau, an issue of the British Art Medal Society donated to us by Stephen K. Scher (fig. 52, 1998.98.1). Robert A. Weinman, Chairman of the Saltus Award Committee, generously donated a selection of his own work as he entered retirement and moved out of the New York region. Other donors to the Medals and Decorations department this year include Helder Batista, Paul Bosco, Richard Deininger, Wilson G. Duprey, David Feinstein, Leonda Finke, Mrs. Thomas L. Johnson, Ron Landis, Richard Margolis, Scott Miller, Paul Rich, William E Spengler, Mel Wacks, and William B. Warden, Jr. Institutional donors were Cornell University, the Gateway Coin Club, the Rochester Numismatic Association, and the Society of Sixteenth-Century Studies.
STAHL
Exhibits and Loans
The ANS put on many exhibits in fiscal 1998. In October 1997 the curatorial departments put on an exhibit of their new acquisitions in connection with the annual meeting. The theme of the Coinage of the Americas Conference in November 1997 was "The Medal in America" and three exhibits of modern medals were installed in connection with the conference. A retrospective exhibit of the work of Gilroy Roberts, Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint, was arranged by the American Numismatic Association and the Lillian and Gilroy Roberts Foundation. The exhibit was made possible, in part, thanks to a generous grant from the Roberts Foundation. This exhibit showed a wide variety of material including preparatory drawings, and models for the Franklin Mint, and models for the U.S. Mint including the Kennedy half dollar. Two other exhibits with the overall title of "Two Sides: Art Medallions from Both Sides of Atlantic" comprised the medals of the British Art Medals Society and of the American Medallic Sculpture Association which were both celebrating their fifteenth anniversaries. The British exhibits also included the work by students of English art schools, produced as part of the BAMS Student Medal Project. The chair for the exhibit was Jacqueline Lorieo, and the illustrated catalogue was produced by Jan Loomis. The selection of material submitted from AMSA members was done by a jury including Bud Wertheim, Amanullah Haiderzad, Sarah Lawrence, and ANS Curator Alan M. Stahl.
At the New York International Numismatic Convention on December 4-7, visitors saw the exhibit "Masterpieces in Miniature: The John D. Leggett Collection of Coins of Greek Sicily" curated by Carmen Arnold-Biucchi. In February the fifth annual "Day of the Etruscans" took place at the Society. In conjunction with the Etruscan Foundation Annual Advisory and Editorial Board Meeting an exhibit of Etruscan coins from the ANS collection was assembled by Curator Carmen Arnold-Biucchi and Sarah E. Cox. Also in February Curator Alan Stahl mounted an exhibit of retrospective work by the 1998 J. Sanford Saltus Medal winner Helder Batista. The Society also exhibited medals from the artist's own collection, showing the Portuguese school of medalllic art.
A selection of unusual Chinese coins from the ANS collection as well as rare Chinese books and manuscripts from the ANS Library were included in a special exhibit organized in February in conjunction with the Chinese Cash Coins Colloquium by Society volunteers David Jen and Frederic G. Withington and ANS Curator Michael Bates. It remained on display through April.
A selection of coins from the Stepney Hoard was shown in conjunction with the First Annual Donald Groves Forum in April. The exhibit included coins from the collections of Robert Martin, Eric P Newman, and Donald Groves. In August during the 107th annual ANA Convention in Portland the ANS exhibited twenty unusual Greek, Roman, and modern coins from the ANS cabinet. The Clapp-ANS specimen of the "wheelspoke" reverse (Sheldon 33) was particularly admired.
ANS coins were on display in other museums and galleries as part of the Society's program of encouraging exhibition of its material elsewhere. Rare coins from the Greek collection were selected for the Archaic Greek Gallery in the Metropolitan Museum. Other objects from the Greek and Roman departments were contributed to the permanent exhibition "The Classical Past" at the Tampa Museum. A denarius of Julius Caesar is on display in the Ancient News Gallery in the Newseum, Arlington, VA. The ANS collection of Indian Peace Medals, probably the best in the world and certainly the best published and researched, has been made available to the public in many parts of the country through various loans. One such loan was to the Visitor Center of the Fort Union Trading Post, National Park Service, ND, and another to the exhibit "Witnesses to Revolution" at the Yorktown Victory Center Museum. Two medals were lent to the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation at Monticello for "The World of Thomas Jefferson." The ANS has also lent a Charleston slave badge from 1846 to the exhibit "Transatlantic Slavery: Against Human Dignity" at the National Museum and Galleries of Merseyside in Liverpool. Latin American silver and gold coins of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were lent in August 1997 to the Mariner's Museum of Newport News, VA, for an exhibit "Under the Black Flag, Life among the Pirates," and remained on view through February 1998. The Butler Medal, a Civil War decoration was included in the South Carolina State Museum traveling exhibit "America's Reconstruction" for two years.
STOLYARIK
